The hydrogen internal combustion engine (H2-ICE) market is projected to grow to 36,300-36,400 units by 2035, at a CAGR of 49.0% from 2031 to 2035. The factors driving the market are the growing push toward sustainable & emission-free transportation and OEMs’ focus on R&D investments. Hydrogen engines can integrate with the current refueling infrastructure with minimal modifications. The infrastructure engineered for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) can also accommodate H2-ICE vehicles. The design of H2-ICE is grounded in established ICE technology, which translates to a lower initial investment compared to alternative propulsion systems such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and fuel cells. Throughout the vehicle’s operational lifetime, an H2-ICE emits lower nitrogen oxides (NOx) and other pollutants, boosting its widespread adoption.
“Below 300 HP engines are expected to be the fastest growing H2-ICE power output.”
Below 300 HP is estimated to be the fastest growing horsepower segment in the H2-ICE market, which will have maximum adoption in on-highway and some of the compact construction equipment categories. Most companies to date are able to successfully generate 300 HP primarily due to its suitability for medium & heavy-duty trucks. <300 HP engines mostly use PFI SI technology, resulting in lesser emissions, which was the main motive of hydrogen engines. This HP range effectively balances performance and efficiency and meets the requirements of fleet operators, prioritizing cost-effectiveness and operational flexibility. OEMs and engine manufacturers working on the development of engines below 300 Hp are Cummins Inc. (290 Hp), Deutz AG (295 Hp), PACCAR Inc. (295 Hp), and KEYOU GmbH (280 Hp). These engines are expected to have better fuel efficiencies & lower emissions, allowing OEM and engine manufacturers to capitalize on current designs with minimal modifications. This will significantly reduce development costs and will likely accelerate the time-to-market for the H2-ICE engine to 300 HP.
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The construction & mining equipment segment is expected to lead the H2-ICE market for off-highway vehicles during the forecast period.
The construction & mining equipment segment is projected to lead the H2-ICE market for off-highway vehicles during the forecast period. The market growth is likely to be seen more in Europe and Asia Pacific than in other regions due to the added infrastructural developments in these regions. Crawler excavators and backhoe loaders are expected to have a noteworthy share of the construction & mining equipment segment. OEMs working for hydrogen engines for these equipment types are JCB (UK), HD Hyundai Infracore (South Korea), and Liebherr (Switzerland). JCB is developing a backhoe loader powered by H2-ICE. HD Hyundai Infracore is developing an engine for its construction and mining equipment. Liebherr (Switzerland) is developing two hydrogen engines, H966 and H964, equipped with the company’s off-highway equipment.
H2-ICEs offer a significant reduction in carbon emissions, which supports the global goal of decarbonization. They are designed to withstand harsh environments wherein off-highway vehicles often operate. The compatibility of these engines with the existing diesel engine architecture has boosted the development of H2-ICEs for off-highway vehicles.
“Europe holds the largest market share during the forecast period.”
Europe is estimated to have the largest market share in the H2-ICE market during the forecast period. Europe’s market dominance is mainly attributed to stringent greenhouse gas emission regulations. The European Union has set various targets to decarbonize their commercial vehicles. The European region has a presence in major automotive OEMs and engine manufacturers working on the H2-ICE technology, such as AB Volvo (Sweden), MAN (Germany), JCB (UK), KEYOU GmbH (Germany), and Liebherr (Switzerland). AB Volvo started the development of H2-ICE in 2024. The engine is expected to enter road tests by 2026, and the commercial launch is expected by 2030. MAN is developing hydrogen engines for commercial vehicles; the company plans to deliver the first 200 hydrogen engines to its European customers by 2025. JCB has begun the on-road tests of its hydrogen engine in the UK and plans to commercialize it soon. KEYOU GmbH has already supplied trucks with hydrogen engines to European fleet operators. Thus, the presence of key OEMs and the European Union’s stringent emission rules will drive the market for H2-ICE in Europe.
Key Market Players:
The major players in the H2-ICE market are Cummins Inc. (US), J C Bamford Excavators (UK), Ashok Leyland (India), MAN (Germany), and HD Hyundai Infracore (South Korea).
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